Threats and Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in India: Implications for Agricultural Extension

Agriculture, rooted in ancient civilizations, has shaped the course of human history. India, currently holding the second global position in farm output, witnesses over 50% of its workforce engaged in agriculture, contributing approximately 17-18% to the GDP in 2018. The agricultural and allied sectors constituted 15.4% of the GDP in 2016. India stands as the largest producer of fresh fruits, including mango, guava, papaya, and lemon, as per FAO 2014 statistics. Moreover, it ranks second globally in the production of dry fruits, textiles, pulses, fish, and vegetables. Cash crops like coffee and cotton have also played a pivotal role, with India ranking fifth in their production in 2010. Undeniably, agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy. Despite India's prowess as a major exporter, consumer, and advocate of agriculture, the sector grapples with multifaceted challenges, significantly impacting rural development initiatives. Pressing issues include water scarcity, poverty, challenges in natural resource management, and environmental concerns. The complex interplay of factors, such as population growth, lack of information and awareness, limited technological knowledge, and the suboptimal implementation of agricultural programs in rural areas, further compounds these challenges. This article endeavors to meticulously identify the agricultural sector's predicaments, explore viable farm management solutions, and underscore the critical role of effective agricultural extension services in attaining sustainable yields and fostering rural development in the nation.