V2V Energy Trading Considering User Satisfaction under Low-Carbon Objectives via Bayesian Game

In response to the additional load impact caused by the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the grid or microgrids (MGs), as well as the issue of low responsiveness of EV users during vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) power exchange processes, this paper explores a multi-party energy trading model considering user responsiveness under low carbon goals. The model takes into account the stochastic charging and discharging characteristics of EVs, user satisfaction, and energy exchange costs, and formulates utility functions for participating entities. This transforms the competition in multi-party energy trading into a Bayesian game problem, which is subsequently resolved. Furthermore, this paper primarily employs sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of multi-party energy trading on user responsiveness and green energy utilization, with the aim of promoting incentives in the electricity trading market and aligning with low-carbon requirements. Finally, through case simulations, the effectiveness of this model for the considered scenarios is demonstrated.